We will now begin a study of the origins and course of the Chinese Civil War, which was a battle for China between the Kuomintang forces led by Chinag Kai-Shek (sometimes called Nationalists), and the Communists led by Mao Tse-tung. The years given are 1927-1950, although there were periods of time when they worked together (Second United Front) to oust the Japanese. We will use excerpts from the book Wild Swans as well as the main text, A History of Asia . The first homework is to read in the History of Asia book pages 341-346, and to come to the College Fair.
Questions to think about:
What makes good government?
What challenges did the KMT face?
What better options did the Communists give?
The homework for tonight (9/30) is to define/identify the following terms:
Xi'an Incident and 2nd United Front
Blue Shirts
Whampoa Military Academy
For now, ignore the TIGER BEATING SQUADS.
Long March Facts and details:
http://factsanddetails.com/china.php?itemid=60=2
HW: 10/2/2013
Find two pieces of Chinese Propaganda and explain what they mean and how they were used.
Tuesday, September 17, 2013
Tomorrow's Test Questions
"Japans Invasion on Pearl Harbor was the Result of Japan's success in emulating western industrial ways" To what degree do you agree with this statement? Why?
Monday, September 9, 2013
14 Points
Jeemyung
Hur & Haley Cooper
One
of the fourteen points that Woodrow Wilson established was impact on the treaty
of Versailles. It was an intergovernmental organization that was going on in
the Paris Peace Conference which ended the First World War. It was the last
point which was a “League of Nation” should be set up to guarantee the political and
territorial independence of countries and states. League of Nation created that
it would resolve problems amongst nations through law before another war could
happen. However, during this time United States didn’t join the League of Nations because they wanted to return
to Isolationism.
During
this time treaty of Versailles effect the Germany to accept blame for the war
and needs to pay for the total cost of WWI by forced. Also Germany had to bring
back the army size and needed the colonies in Germany to divide amongst the
allies. And Austria and Hungry was divided into four independent countries.
The 14 points were a set of rules
implied by Woodrow Wilson in order to allow postwar peace in Europe.
The points were as followed:
1. No more secret agreements
("Open covenants openly arrived at").
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. An end to all economic barriers
between countries.
4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers.
5. All decisions regarding the
colonies should be impartial
6. The German Army is to be removed
from Russia. Russia should be left to develop
her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like
before the war.
8. France should be fully liberated
and allowed to recover Alsace-Lorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to
live in Italy. Italy's borders are to "along
clearly recognisable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be
allowed for all those living in Austria-Hungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees
of independence should be allowed for
the Balkan states.
12. The Turkish people should be
governed by the Turkish government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should
govern themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be
created which should have access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set
up to guarantee the political and territorial independence of all states.
TEST #2
Our second test will be on Wednesday, Sept. 18. The topics will be the Rise of Japan from 1860-1941. Both the economic and political issues will be important for you to know. In order to prepare you should look at how and why Japan changed from the feudal system under the Tokugawa Shogunate to the capitalistic democratic system. What was lost and what was gained?
Thursday, September 5, 2013
Philippine Invasion
War came unexpectedly to the Philippines. Japan opened a
surprise attack on the Philippines on December 8, 1941, when Japan
attacked without warning, just ten hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor.
Japanese troops attacked the islands in many places on Manila. Most of the 80,000 prisoners of war captured by the Japanese
at Bataan were forced to undertake the notorious Bataan Death March to a prison
camp 105 kilometers to the north. It is estimated that as many as 10,000 men
died before reaching their destination.
Japanese
occupation of the Philippines was opposed by large-scale underground and
guerrilla activity. The Philippine Army continued to fight the Japanese in a
guerrilla war and was considered a back up unit of the United States Army.
Their effectiveness was such that by the end of the war, Japan controlled only
twelve of the forty-eight provinces. The major element of resistance in the
Central Luzon area was furnished by the Hukbalahap, an arm who went against the
Japanese, which armed some 30,000 people and extended their control over much
of Luzon.
The Marco Polo Incident
The
Japanese drive to become a great power required the domination of China. They
defeated the Chinese in war in the 1890s and took away Korea. They soon invaded
Manchuria, which had rich reserves of coal and other minerals, and began to
build up industry there. In 1937, the Marco Polo Bridge Incident occurred. Due
to the Boxer Protocol of 1901, China had granted nations with legations in
Beijing the right to station guards at twelve specific points along railways
connecting Beijing with Tianjin. This was to ensure open communications between
the capital and the port. Small numbers of both Japanese and Chinese soldiers
were stationed near what was called the Marco Polo Bridge, near the town of
Wanping outside Beijing. It is not entirely clear what happened, but the
Japanese were carrying out training exercises without giving the customary
notice and a few shots were exchanged between them and the startled Chinese
troops. The Japanese discovered that one of their soldiers was missing, thought
the Chinese might have captured him, and demanded to be allowed to search
Wanping for him. The Chinese said they would do the searching themselves, with
one Japanese officer accompanying them. Japanese infantry then tried to force
their way into Wanping, but were driven back. Both sides sent more troops to
the area and early in the morning of July 8th Japanese infantry and armored
vehicles attacked the bridge and took it, but were driven off again. Attempts
were made to settle things, but the incident gave Japanese hawks the excuse to
mount a full-scale invasion of China. Hundreds of thousands of troops were sent
in. Japan had more advanced Western military training, technology and weapons, but
the Republic of China did not have such advanced technologies. The Soviet Union
came to China’s aid, but major cities Beijing, Shanghai, and Nanjing still fell
in 1937. The Marco Polo Bride Incident is seen as the start of the Second
Sino-Japanese War. The fighting was accompanied by vicious atrocities. As many
as 100,000 Chinese may have been slaughtered in the so-called Rape of Nanjing,
including thousands of Chinese women raped before being murdered. Victims were
buried or burned alive, dismembered alive or drowned. The conflict continued
until it blended into the Second World War.
Source:
"The Marco Polo Bridge Incident." History Today. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Sept. 2013.
Kellogg-Briand Treaty
Rachel Lee and Sawako Tachibana
The Kellogg-Briand Treaty, also known as the Pact (treaty) of Paris, was signed on August 27th, 1928 as an international effort to prevent having another World War and it was significant in the peace movement. The treaty was originally proposed by an U.S. Secretary of States, Frank B. Kellogg and a French Minister of Foreign Affairs, Aristide Briand after World War I, hoping for peace in the world. However, Kellogg feared that some nations could assume that France and the U.S. had an alliance, if they signed a treaty together. Since Kellogg believed that to seem like being allied with France would cause a war, he decided to have other nations sign it as well. As a result, the pact was immediately signed by 14 countries, then eventually 62 countries in total, who agreed on outlawing war as an international policy and solving matters peacefully. However, the treaty was a fail, because it did not help to prevent the rise of military powers and made no immediate contribution to international peace. The treaty eventually falls by Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931, Italy's invasion of Abyssinia in 1935, and German's invasion on Poland in 1939, and as a result, World War II began.
The Kellogg-Briand Treaty, also known as the Pact (treaty) of Paris, was signed on August 27th, 1928 as an international effort to prevent having another World War and it was significant in the peace movement. The treaty was originally proposed by an U.S. Secretary of States, Frank B. Kellogg and a French Minister of Foreign Affairs, Aristide Briand after World War I, hoping for peace in the world. However, Kellogg feared that some nations could assume that France and the U.S. had an alliance, if they signed a treaty together. Since Kellogg believed that to seem like being allied with France would cause a war, he decided to have other nations sign it as well. As a result, the pact was immediately signed by 14 countries, then eventually 62 countries in total, who agreed on outlawing war as an international policy and solving matters peacefully. However, the treaty was a fail, because it did not help to prevent the rise of military powers and made no immediate contribution to international peace. The treaty eventually falls by Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931, Italy's invasion of Abyssinia in 1935, and German's invasion on Poland in 1939, and as a result, World War II began.
 |
| Countries that contributed in the Treaty |
Sources:
Manchurian Incident
David, Michael
In 1905, when the Russo Japanese War ended, Japan took Manchuria from Russia. Around the 1920’s, Japan was afraid that China would coalesce through the Kuomintang party and regain control over Manchuria. The Manchurian general Chang Hsüeh-liang, refused to help Japan construct railways and harbor facilities with Japan’s Southern Manchurian Railway. Then in 1931, the incident began when Lt. Kawamoto Suemori and his men detonated dynamite near the South Manchuria Railway. The explosion was made to blame Zhang Xueliang who was the general of the Republic of China. And since Japan blamed China for the explosion and said that it was an attack to Japan, Japan used this as a reason to invade Manchu and further China. Japan invaded and successfully took over Manchuria, Japan soon established a puppet government in Manchukuo.
In 1905, when the Russo Japanese War ended, Japan took Manchuria from Russia. Around the 1920’s, Japan was afraid that China would coalesce through the Kuomintang party and regain control over Manchuria. The Manchurian general Chang Hsüeh-liang, refused to help Japan construct railways and harbor facilities with Japan’s Southern Manchurian Railway. Then in 1931, the incident began when Lt. Kawamoto Suemori and his men detonated dynamite near the South Manchuria Railway. The explosion was made to blame Zhang Xueliang who was the general of the Republic of China. And since Japan blamed China for the explosion and said that it was an attack to Japan, Japan used this as a reason to invade Manchu and further China. Japan invaded and successfully took over Manchuria, Japan soon established a puppet government in Manchukuo.
Great East Asia co-prosperity sphere
Great
East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere
Was
an idea that was thought up by Japanese prime minister Matsuoka Yosuke. Was an
idea that a united Asian nation led primarily by the Japanese could be self
sufficient and free of western powers. This idea was pursued greatly by the
Japanese government, which made many cultural, economic and political
developments concerning this idea. Although this idea failed in the end due to
the fact that what was said about the Great East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere was
not what was going on. Simply put the reality was different from what the
Japanese government was saying.
The
cultural ideas which greatly supported this idea of the Great East Asian
Co-Prosperity Sphere was the idea that the Japanese were the dominant Asian race.
Being descendants from the sun goddess Amaterasu they viewed themselves in a
higher standing than most other Asian races. They also saw themselves as better
due to the fact that they defeated the Russians in the Russo- Japanese war.
The
economic ideals that drove the formation of the Great East Asian Co-Prosperity
Sphere was Japan's needs for raw materials. Japan as a country has scarce raw
materials located on it that are essential to modernization. So throughout its
history Japan has relied on other powers to supply them with ample raw
materials that they needed to modernize. A luxury that they did not have
following Japan's bombing of Pearl Harbor, which led to the U.S. embargo of oil
and steel. This forced Japan to seek out other sources of war materials.
The
final aspect that led to the formation of the Great East Asian Co-Prosperity
Sphere was Japan's political interests. Since the nineteenth century the
Japanese government sought equality in world politics. The first way they saw
fit to achieve that was to own overseas colonies. This idea was thought to make
Japan a first-rate colony and up to par with its western counterparts. When
this option failed Japan sought global equality at the Paris Peace Conference
following world war one. Again they met fierce opposition and were given an
unfavorable ratio of battleships the united states and great Britain both
receiving five while Japan had received 3. This event combined with the
Japanese Exclusion act in 1924 seemed to be the proverbial straw that broke the
camel's back, which ultimately led to Japan's attack on western powers.
To
conquered countries the Great East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere was advertised as
an "Asia for Asians." Which fell in with many conquered peoples. When
Japan conquered a country the set up a local government, which in reality was a
façade put on by the Japanese government who were really the ones that were
making all the big decisions. Including Japanization, which was imposed on
locals and led to hundreds of thousands of deaths due to labor, torture and
execution.
"Greater
East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere." Greater
East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. Bill Gordon, Mar. 2000. Web. 05 Sept. 2013.
Duus,
Stanford University, Peter. "The Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere
Dream and Reality." Journal
of Northeast Asian History 5.1
(n.d.): 143-54. June 2008. Web. 5 Sept. 2013.
The Locarno Treaty are a series of seven agreements that were drawn up in Locarno, Switzerland and they were signed in London of 1925. This Treaty enabled Germany to become a part of the League of Nations. These treaties were also made to maintain the German and the Belgian borders and keep international cooperation balanced to avoid war. The Locarno treaty divided borders in Europe into two categories, The western and the eastern borders of Germany and Poland. They were regarded as the keystone for the improvement of western European diplomatic climate and for the introduction of international peace.
However, when the Germans did not gurantee on the separation of the eastern border, The French, Czechoslovakians and the Polish signed treaties. These treaties were later shredded because Hitler entered the Rhineland in 1936 which violated the treaty and when they took over Czechoslovakia. These situations started the Second World War.
The main focus of the Lacarno Treaty was the disarmament of several countries and to settle disputes without violence. The countries mainly involved within the treaty consisted of the League of Nations and Germany. Japan, which at the time was a part of the league of nations, benefitted from the Lacarno Treaty because it assisted Japan with the accumulation of goods and profit. These materials and money would eventually be used in order supply Japan throughout World War II.
Toy Matsushita and Scotty Ulloa
Sources:
1.) "The Locarno Treaties." Locarno Treaties: 1925. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Sept. 2013. <http://www.thenagain.info/webchron/World/Locarno.html>.
2.) "Pact of Locarno (European History)." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 04 Sept. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/345660/Pact-of-Locarno>.
Washington Naval Conference
In the Washington Naval conference, the nations that allied with Japan decided to limit their tonnage of ships allowed to be used for their respective ship needs, from military to shipping. In this treaty, the ratios of Great Britain and the US to the Japanese were 5:5:3. The U.S limited the Japanese tonnage because it felt threatened by the Japanese’s power. The Japanese felt that their part of the bargain was unfair, and this treaty marked the beginning of strained relations between Japan and the other foreign nations.
During the Washington Naval Conference, Japan maintained an "open-door" policy with China, which means that they get full access to Chinese ports, but no actual power in China. Japan was also asked to relinquish control of Manchuria and but it back under Chinese rule. The Japanese sort of followed this rule. They put it under a Chinese leader, Pu Yi, but he was a "puppet" leader, effectively controlled by the Japanese. This kept Manchuria under Japanese rule while still following the rules mandated by the Washington Naval Conference.
Sources:
"Washington Conference (1921-22) -- Encyclopedia Britannica." 2008. 31 Aug. 2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/636484/Washington-Conference>
"Japan and the Naval Conference of 1921-22." 2010. 31 Aug. 2013
EAST ASIA INVASION:
Before Japan started the Pacific War, there was some tension between Japan and the United States. The United States wanted Japan to stop the invasion in China, but Japan denied the United States. This lead to the United States, the Dutch, and the British to stop selling necessities to Japan such as oil, iron, rubber, etc. Japan then had a new goal. They wanted to expand their empire to all of Southeast Asia and gain their own resources from American and European's land in Southeast Asia.
They figured they could gain control of most of Southeast Asia because Germany's expansion was distracting countries from keeping an eye on their land in Southeast Asia. On December 7, 1941 was when the Pacific War started. Japan invaded Thailand, and Malaya, and attacked Pearl Harbor. Japan figured they could weaken the United States with the attack on Pearl Harbor so they can invade the Philippines easier. Malaya was important to Japan because Malaya had lots of raw materials. Then Japan attacked Burma in December 1941 so supplies would stop going to China through the Burma road. Then Japan invade the Dutch East Indies in that same month which was ruled by Holland. The Battle of Java Sea came in where Japan fought off warships from Britain, Australia, America, and Holland. Later in January 1942, Japan gained control of Borneo which controlled British and Dutch oil fields. On February 14, 1942, Japan got a hold on Singapore. They had more modern weapons (such as modern planes called "Zero" fighters) which gave them a big advantage over Britain. Japan really wanted Singapore because Singapore had a strong fortress and a busy port.
The only country that wasn't conquered by Japan was Thailand because they decided to sign a treaty with Japan and be Japan's ally.
"The War Begins." ThinkQuest. Oracle Foundation, n.d. Web. 05 Sept. 2013.
Before Japan started the Pacific War, there was some tension between Japan and the United States. The United States wanted Japan to stop the invasion in China, but Japan denied the United States. This lead to the United States, the Dutch, and the British to stop selling necessities to Japan such as oil, iron, rubber, etc. Japan then had a new goal. They wanted to expand their empire to all of Southeast Asia and gain their own resources from American and European's land in Southeast Asia.
They figured they could gain control of most of Southeast Asia because Germany's expansion was distracting countries from keeping an eye on their land in Southeast Asia. On December 7, 1941 was when the Pacific War started. Japan invaded Thailand, and Malaya, and attacked Pearl Harbor. Japan figured they could weaken the United States with the attack on Pearl Harbor so they can invade the Philippines easier. Malaya was important to Japan because Malaya had lots of raw materials. Then Japan attacked Burma in December 1941 so supplies would stop going to China through the Burma road. Then Japan invade the Dutch East Indies in that same month which was ruled by Holland. The Battle of Java Sea came in where Japan fought off warships from Britain, Australia, America, and Holland. Later in January 1942, Japan gained control of Borneo which controlled British and Dutch oil fields. On February 14, 1942, Japan got a hold on Singapore. They had more modern weapons (such as modern planes called "Zero" fighters) which gave them a big advantage over Britain. Japan really wanted Singapore because Singapore had a strong fortress and a busy port.
The only country that wasn't conquered by Japan was Thailand because they decided to sign a treaty with Japan and be Japan's ally.
"The War Begins." ThinkQuest. Oracle Foundation, n.d. Web. 05 Sept. 2013.
League of Nations
Charlson Ro and Margaux San Nicolas
When WWI broke out in 1914, people felt the horrors of war
for the first time. The number of casualties from WWI was staggering. As a result,
keeping peace became a topic of interest at the conference in Versailles in
1919. The framers of what became known as the Treaty of Versailles were Woodrow
Wilson of America, David Lloyd George of Britain, and Clemenceau of France. Although
the three men had disparate views on the terms of the treaty, they all agreed
that war should not break out again. With that in mind, Wilson presented
fourteen points of the treaty. One of the main points was the formation of a
League of Nations. The League was a coalition of all nations, except Germany,
promoting the spirit of Internationalism. The League’s primary duty, however, was
to ensure peace and stability around the world. When conflict arose between two
nations, the League would act as a mediator and use military force if
necessary. It did, however, have several problems from the start:
America,
the strongest power at the time, held onto its isolationist stance and did not
join.
- Other
members were crippled by the war, both militarily and economically.
- A
worldwide economic slump made negotiations impossible.
- Communism
threatened the League.
Japan
supported the Allies in WWI, but was not as heavily involved as other nations.
Japan was still rising to prominence as it adopted an imperialist mentality,
however, and obtained control over German possessions such as the Shandong
peninsula of China and the Marianna Islands. Due to an increasingly industrial
economy and a lack of resources, Japan began to look beyond its current
horizons and targeted others areas, particularly China and Indonesia. In 1915,
Japan created a list of Twenty-One demands for control of China and pressured
the nation to accept them. The Washington Naval Conference, however, voided the
demands in 1921. Feeling disrespected, discriminated, and dissatisfied, Japan
invaded Manchuria in 1932 and called the land Manchoukuo. The Japanese viewed
imperialism as the solution for recognition as the dominant Eastern power. The
League of Nations castigated Japan and ordered the nation to leave Manchuria or
face the consequences. Japan, instead, left the League in 1933. No longer
hindered by other nations, Japan used its newfound independence to continue its
conquest. The League had failed. Then, in 1940, Japan crossed the threshold by
signing the Tripartite Pact of 1940. The Pact installed Japan as a member of the
Axis.
Sources:
Trueman, Chris. "League of Nations." Historylearningsite.co.uk. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Sept. 2013.
Clare, John D. "The League in Manchuria." Johndclare.net. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Sept. 2013.
Duffy, Michael. "21 Demands." First World War.com. Styleshout, n.d. Web. 05 Sept. 2013.
"Japan and the World War I Era." Japan and the World War I Era. Online Highways, n.d. Web. 05 Sept. 2013.
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